Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex and basolateral amygdala to decision confidence and learning under uncertainty.

The subjective sense of certainty, or confidence, in ambiguous sensory cues can alter the interpretation of reward feedback and facilitate learning. We trained rats to report the orientation of ambiguous visual stimuli according to a spatial stimulus-response rule that must be learned. Following choice, rats could wait a self-timed delay for reward or initiate a new trial. Waiting times increase with discrimination accuracy, demonstrating that this measure can be used as a proxy for confidence. Chemogenetic silencing of BLA shortens waiting times overall whereas ACC inhibition renders waiting times insensitive to confidence-modulating attributes of visual stimuli, suggesting contribution of ACC but not BLA to confidence computations. Subsequent reversal learning is enhanced by confidence. Both ACC and BLA inhibition block this enhancement but via differential adjustments in learning strategies and consistent use of learned rules. Altogether, we demonstrate dissociable roles for ACC and BLA in transmitting confidence and learning under uncertainty

Bilingualism as an integral part of the translator

This article will focus on the modern achievements of science in the field of the theory of bilingualism, which grew up on the basis of language contacts. The main aspects of bilingualism are considered: linguistic, psychological, sociological, pedagogical, literary and artisti

Komarovita

Los anlálisis dieron Si02 23,50, TiO2 2,50, Nb2 05 47,00, A1208 1,00, Fe208 1,50, MnO 5,00, CaO 4.70, Na2O 0,85, K2O 0,30, H2O 12,00, F 1,21, total 99,56 - (O = F2) 0,51 = 99,05 %.(...

Charge inhomogeneities due to smooth ripples in graphene sheets

We study the effect of the curved ripples observed in the free standing graphene samples on the electronic structure of the system. We model the ripples as smooth curved bumps and compute the Green's function of the Dirac fermions in the curved surface. Curved regions modify the Fermi velocity that becomes a function of the point on the graphene surface and induce energy dependent oscillations in the local density of states around the position of the bump. The corrections are estimated to be of a few percent of the flat density at the typical energies explored in local probes such as scanning tunnel microscopy that should be able to observe the predicted correlation of the morphology with the electronics. We discuss the connection of the present work with the recent observation of charge anisotropy in graphene and propose that it can be used as an experimental test of the curvature effects.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures. v2: Abstract and discussion about experimental consequences expande

D. Tartt’s Innovation in the Genre of Campus Novel (Based on “The Secret History”)

«Тайная история» Д. Тартт — университетский роман, в котором нашли отражение элементы новаторства, обогатившие его художественный и сюжетный планы. Роман объединил в себе черты детективного и психологического произведений, аллюзии к античному наследию; оказал влияние на развитие субкультуры Темной академии в художественной литературе.“The Secret History” by D. Tartt is a campus novel reflecting many innovative elements, which enrich it stylistically and narratively. The novel united the features of detective story and psychological novel, allusions to ancient literature; influenced the development of a Dark Academia subculture in fiction

A Glass Vessel with Applied and Marvered Decor from the Ostolopovo Settlement in Tatarstan: terminology, origin, chronology

The article deals with a glass vessel, found in 2005 on the Bolgar Ostolopovo settlement (late X – late XII century), located on the left bank of the Kama River (Republic of Tatarstan), during archaeological excavations led by one of the authors. The vessel belongs to the group of oriental wares with applied and marvered decor, produced mainly in the XII–XV centuries. Apparently, the vessel was a small bottle or flask. Wares of this shape are well known and widespread in the Middle East, where they were used to keep kohl. Due to the reliable archaeological context, the vessel was discovered in a complex, dated to the end of the XI – beginning of the XII century. It can be attributed to the period preceding the stage of mass production of items with similar decoration in the Islamic East. Among the small number of narrowly dated objects of this group known by today, belonging to the pre-Mongol period, the Ostolopovo flask can be considered the earliest one not only for the territory of Volga Bolgaria, but also for Eastern Europe as a whole, and also, possibly, for some neighboring regions, in particular, for Southern Europe

Innovative Methods in Management and Raising the Quality of Higher Professional Education in Russia

Economic and political changes in contemporary society lead to reforms of many social spheres. The system of education in general and higher professional education in particular is no exception. The issue of ensuring the quality of education has recently attracted great attention in all countries of the world. The key problem of reforming education is raising its quality. In this paper, the object of research was the quality of education provided by higher education institutions. The authors have conducted the analysis of models for raising the quality of education and qualimetry of the laboratory work quality based on a survey of teachers and students. The QFD method was described by the example of its application in five universities of the Russian Federation. It has been proved that this method can provide the university with a planning tool with which higher education institutions can provide services that fully meet the requirements of customers (students, parents, employers, the state and society as a whole), thereby ensuring the suitability of the system to meet external requirements – the Fitness-for-Purpose approach (building goals based on the external environment). In addition, it has also been substantiated that the application of this method in the system of higher professional education will ensure the suitability of the system to achieve its own goals - the Fitness-for-Purpose approach (development, improvement, effective management). Thus, the QFD method will make it possible to support of all types of coordinated activities for the leadership and management of higher education institutions in relation to quality, as well as a set of developed regulatory and methodological documents that determine the content, technologies, methods and means of work of all officials, teachers and students to further improve the quality of educational process, thereby ensuring the competitiveness of higher education institutions and effective development on the global market of educational service

Physical properties of thermoelectric zinc antimonide using first-principles calculations

We report first principles calculations of the structural, electronic, elastic and vibrational properties of the semiconducting orthorhombic ZnSb compound. We study also the intrinsic point defects in order to eventually improve the thermoelectric properties of this already very promising thermoelectric material. Concerning the electronic properties, in addition to the band structure, we show that the Zn (Sb) crystallographically equivalent atoms are not exactly equivalent from the electronic point of view. Lattice dynamics, elastic and thermodynamic properties are found to be in good agreement with experiments and they confirm the non equivalency of the zinc and antimony atoms from the vibrational point of view. The calculated elastic properties show a relatively weak anisotropy and the hardest direction is the y direction. We observe the presence of low energy modes involving both Zn and Sb atoms at about 5-6 meV, similarly to what has been found in Zn4Sb3 and we suggest that the interactions of these modes with acoustic phonons could explain the relatively low thermal conductivity of ZnSb. Zinc vacancies are the most stable defects and this explains the intrinsic p-type conductivity of ZnSb.Comment: 33 pages, 8 figure